EVOLUTION & THE HHISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM (2nd Epoch)

2. Second Epoch - The time period beween First & second World War

During this period  there was a significant developmet of private motor cars, bus and coaches e.t.c The following points have a significant role on development of tourism during second epoch:

a) Introduction of Railway Transportation:  The introduction of railway transportation had propounded effect on transport. The first link between liverpool and manchester was started in the year 1830. The birth of organized rail travel and concept of tourism came into existence in the year 1841. The man behind this idea was  Thomas cook, who is also regarded as Father of Modern Tourism. He had organized a tour of 570 pax at a time by train from leicester to loughbourgh. The evolution of railway system affected the quantity of the accommodations and also the urbanization.

b) Introduction of Steam Engine:  During this period, introduction of steam engine by James Watt has a great  contribution on accessing the travel/transportation means. Many big ships were invented which carried a huge mass of people at a time, where steam engine was used to operate a ship. The shipping technology played a significant role in the development of travel and trade. The railway transport contributed in the inland travel where as the ships opened the way for intercontinental travel by crossing the boundaries via sea. The opening of Suez Canal in 1869 brought a revolution by shortening the cruise route.



c) Contribution of Thomas Cook: Cook, Thomas (1808-92), was an traveling agent for tourists, born in England. In 1828 later became an hard worker at tourism industry. Thomas Cook not only regarded as a father of modern tourism, but is the first person to establish a travel agency and a first travel/tour agent. After a trip from Leicester to Loughbrough 1843, he took a trip of nearly 300 children, by chartering a train. From (1848-63) he started a circular trip to scotland with almost 5000 travelers on a season. After this he extended his tour agency to various other countrie and published Guidebooks, Periodical Cooks Excursionist & Tourist Advertiser.

                                                     Not only this, Mr. Cook's significant idea was for selling excursions or holidays as a single transaction/ Package. The growth of railways, shipping & hotels etc, however accept this idea gradually. Mr.Cook was also associated with pleasure travel. The large scale movement of people to various pleasure spots was an organized  idea of Mr. Cook. Cook  himself started taking tourist to different places inside the Europe for their pleasure, and Cook himself arranged accommodation (Hotels) for tourists to stay where they can spend their holiday trip making independent trips. He also provided traveling services to the travelers throughout the Europe and provided all necessary Kits of traveling to the travelers under the British government for many occasions, and arranged the last trip for British General Charles George Gordon to Sudan in 1884.

d) Industrial Revolution:   As industrial revolution gathered its momentum, the cities and their

population increased. They felt the need of some relief from their work. The increased income helped them to fulfill their desire. To filfill the growing demand, a large number of accommodation units and leisure place had been developed. The people in the industrial countries felt the urge to travel for the purpose of rest & relaxation. The trend of traveling for pleasure lead to the phenomena of tourism. The industrial development increased the material wealth and increased number of workers who could offer to travel.







                           

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EVOLUTION & THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM (1st Epoch)

         

THOMAS COOK(Father of Modern Tourism)

INTRODUCTION

The trend of travel begins since from the beginning of  the human civilization, which gradually becomes a basis for the evolution of travel and tourism. During the stone age of human civilization people used to travel for the sake of food, shelter e.t.c. After passing the several stages of human civilization the traveling practice of human had achived great significance.
                      Then the first Olympic was held in Greece in 776 B.C. People started going to watch Olympic games. Since then it is thought to be the milestone  in the history of tourism industry. In medieval period (12-17 A.D) the Europeans started visiting Rome recognizing it as a birth place of Europe & religious pilgrimage. In 18th century again, the mode of traveling was changed. Whonever became sick, they used to travel to SPA to get recovered. It is belived that modern tourism began from SPA. The credit to word Tourism goes to Thomas Cook, a british citizen. He was the first person to provide package tour in Europe in 18 century.
        
Before the industrial revolution, travel was primarily related to trade, commerce and pilgrimage. The travelers, during those periods were the merchants/traders looking for merchandise & the time was really suitable for aristocaratic, which laid the foundation for the modern tourism. Evolution of tourism can be really traced through the three phase, which are also regarded as epoch. One of the three phases is mentioned as below:

1) First Epoch (Period before 1840)
     This phase is the period before the industrial revolution, during which period; people basically traveled form one place to other for the sake of trade, commerce and pilgrimage puropse. Usually, motivating factor to the place for traveling during this period may be as follows:

a. Travel for trade and commerce: It was the strongest force/ motivating factor throughout the history that traders/ merchants have traveled for trade with other nations. The invention of money, during 300 B.C was the most significant development, which became a medium for various business dealing and als used by various accomodations.

b. Travel for seeking knowledge: The urge to explore new lands/ world, to seek knowledge was another motive of travelers. Some examples of such explorers are: marco polo, Alexander the Great.

c. Travel for religious purpose: During this period travel for the religious purpose was of significant importance. The spread of Christianity led to numerous pilgrimage tours in this regard.

    NOTE: Next two phases of the evolution of tourism will be given in next articles.

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COMPONENTS OF TOURISM

Tourists doesn't get attracted in a particular place by themselfes, the natural beauties, facilities, cultural religion, history and the hospitality of that place only attracts them their. The components of tourism means to those factors or agents by which the tourism activity existing from the origin to the destination and again back to the origin is not possible,
                    
  Some of the major components of tourism are listed below:

 1) Attraction:  Attraction acts as the major components for the incoming of tourism at an particular sector. The motivating factor for traveling from origin to the destination may be different from one person to another. Attraction may be any thing that has a charmness to attract tourists or can motivate to travel.
                           


There are basically two types of attraction:
A)  Man made attraction
B) Natural attraction

2) Accessibility: The accessibility can be regarded as a means by which tourist can go to those places where attraction are located. The presence of attraction is not enough to attract the tourist to the desired destination. It is only possible when that destination is likened with the modes of transportation or agents that access or make possibility of travel. In the tourism point of view, the accessibility is the means to fulfill the desire or willingness created by attraction. Therefore, transportation is the main components to reach the attractions.
               Basically, there are 4 major types of accessibilitiess:

A) Road Transportation- Buses, coaches, cars, bikes e.t.c

B) Air Transportation- Jets, Jumbo jets, airbuses, areoplanes, helicopters e.t.c

C) Railway Transportation- Trains

D) Sea/Water Transportation- Cruise ships, boats, ferries e.t.c

3) Accomodation: It is one of the major components of tourism, which arises from the moment and stay of a tourist. This component of tourism is related with the service of food and beverage along with the refreshment facilities and services to the guests. This component basically considers the most important elements of tourism - one is journey to the destination and second is the stay at the destination, journey is related to transportation and stay with accomodation. In promotion of tourism the accomodation sector constitutes the important sector.

a)  Hotel and similar type of serviced establishment: These are the primary accomodation units which includes serviced accomodations units like- hotels, Inns, motels, resorts, guests e.t.c

b) Supplementary or secondary means of accomodation- These includes the accomodation units other than primary establishments like- rented rooms, apartments, rented house, and youth hostels e.t.c

4) Amenities:  Aminities are the facilities added to the attractions, accomodations and transportation. These elements themselves do not generate the flow of touris, but whose absence might distract the tourist flow. Therefore, amenities are compliments of tourism.

              Following are some amenitiens and facilities that are provided by different sectors of tourism:

1) Public sector:  Passport, Custom formalities, foreign exchange, immigration, visa, developing new destination e.t.c

2) Privete sector: It is divided as following

A) Travel and Trade Agencies: Travel agencies, trekking/ mountaineering agencies, rafting/ kayaking agencies, reservation centers or commission agencies or middleman.

B) Accomodation Sectors: Health club, swiming pool, secretarial service, conference services, internet, business center e.t.c

C) Ariline Agencies: Rate attraction, service attraction, insurance attraction.

D) Financial Institutions: Travelers cheque, credit cards, ATM, money transfer.

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SPECIFIC NATURE/FEATURES OF TOURISM

Tourism markets and products basically rely on the following specific natures or special features:

A. Intangibility
     Tourism product is a non-material product and its nature is intangible. Unlike other tangible products or materials tourism product and services can't be seen & touch, we can just feel only. The guestss can't see & touch the hospitality experience before he decides to take benefit for it.

B. Instability
     The market & the demand of the tourism products are highly unstable & are easily influenced by the person, season, and economic, political & social factors.

C. Perishability
     Unlike other goods, tourism products & services have no self life span. It cannot be stockpiled to sell later, due to its perishable nature.

D. Inconsistency
     The services, amenities, attractions e.t.c provided to the tourists will be different from person to person and from place to place. There is much variability on maintaining consistent level of  service, which is really challenging.

E. Inseparability
    The production and the consumption of the tourism product should be done at the time. Basically tourists needs to go to desired place or destination to consume the actual tourism product which is not transferable and separable.

F. Composite Product
    Tourism products are assembled by the many producers. These products & services are however marged to make final tourism product by the joint effort of many organizations.

G. Intermediaries Dominance
     There is a dominant role of middle man in the tourism industry. Tourism market is dominated or influenced by travel agents, tour operators, reservation agents, sales representatives and other intermediaries who often influence the guest in determining their choices also.

H. Heterogeneous Motivations
     Identifying the exact motivational factor of the tourist is really challenging and quite impossible. They do have different desier, motivation & willingness created by the different factors, products and services of tourism.

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HOW PEOPLES & ORGANIZATIONS HAVE DEFINED TOURISM

Herman Van Scheullard

Australian economic expert Woody Herman Van Scheullard in 1910 A.D , for the primary time within the world declared that "Tourism is outlined because the add of total of operations that is especially of economic in nature that is directly connected with the entry, keep and therefore the movement of tourists from one place to a different within or outside the sure town, country or region". it's a brief or short term movement of individuals to destination outside the place within which they usually live & work and their activities throughout their lodge in these destinations. It includes the movement for any purpose further because the day visit or excursions.

Bishwanath Gosh

According to Bishwanath Gosh in his book Tourism and Travel Management defined "Tourism is an activity that takes place when people move to some other place for leisure or business & stay for at least 24 hours". It may be defined in another way as tourism is the temporary short term movement of people to destination  outside the place in which they normally live & work and their activities during their stay at these destination. Tourism is an experience rather than goods because it is a service industry.

According to World business Organization (WTO/UNWTO) "Tourism is associate degree activity of someone traveling to and staying in places outside their usual setting for a minimum of twenty four hours however less than one consecutive year for leisure, business or the other purposes".

              Tourism is considered as an fastest growing indusrty all over the world and it is expected to be 20% of  people of the whole world are employed directly or indirectly in tourism industry. This industry is called an servicing industry however its service cannot be seen or felt. This services are sold directly by either individual or tour operator or an travel agent.
        Following are some clearified conclusions on tourism:
1) Tourism is the sum total of process which is composed of different elements.
2) Tourism exists with the mutual relationship between different operations.
3) Tourism includes the travelling phenomena resulting in the entry, stay and the movement of people from one place to another corresponding place.

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TYPES OF TOURISM

There are many purpose for what peoples travel. Some people travel for spending their holidays,some for research, some for understanding and learning culture and history of a particular place. Tourism is also categorized according  to the tourists purpose of visit. Some of them are listed as below:

1)  Cultural Tourism : Cultural tourist travel places for knowing different culture of a country. These  tourists loves knowing other culture and their religious activities




2)  Historical Tourism : Historical tourists are the tourist who likes researching about old history of a particular country. They research the whole history of the country and travel those historical places to know more about them by doing praticals.

3)  Recreational Tourism : These tourists love finding new things which are not yet discovered. They use to travel many parts of an area inorder to find a new discovery. They usually travel in a big mass.

4)  Sports Tourism : Sports tourists travel to know about the sporting of a particular place or a country, usually sport tourists travel to play in a particular club of a place or an country or to become a coach of a club or the whole national team.

5)  Mass Tourism : These tourists loves to travel in mass/group which is usually comfortable for them to travel in mass for them.

6)  Individual Tourism : These peoples love travelling alone. They usually donot travell with many peoples but they like travelling in a couple.

7)  Pleasure Tourism : Peoples get frusted from their daily work and their daily routined activities. So the pleasure tourism are those tourists who travel to get refreshed from their daily workload and get some pleasure.

8)  Business Tourism : Some people travel for business purposes from one country to another such types of tourists are also known as business tourism.

9)  Adventure Tourism :Adventure tourism usually loves advantures like travelling hills, mountaineering, rock climbing, rafting, bungee jumping etc and many other adventurers acts, they love going to hills, travelling forests,jungles and spending night at forest which are usually fun for them.

10) Eco Tourism  : Eco tourists travel investigating about the geological as well as ecological structure of a particular place or a whole country.

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INTRODUCTION ABOUT TOURISM

                              
The word tourism is derived from the french word "tourisme" meaning touring n travelling in free time for business purposes,fun,and travelling functions, sometimes for a restricted length. touristry is often related to international travel, however can also ask visit another place at intervals a similar country. the planet touristry has provided its own meaning for tourism as an  individuals "going out fron their home which is their usual atmosphere for less than a year for travelling as for their personnel appointments or for spending their holidays with their freinds and family.

The word "Tourism" is an well-liked international leisure activity. touristry may be inside the same country, as well as from one country to other countries touristry plays a vital role on a nations income and expenditure. Nowadays, touristry could be a major supply of financial gain for several part of the world and effects the economical status of each the supply and supplier parts of the world,as we see clearly tourism is one of the significant role of developing a underdeveloped country.


It suffered a great consequenses results of a powerful economic delay of the late-2000s recession, between the 008's and therefore the finish of 2009, and therefore the natural event of the H1N1 respiratory illness virus.It after soome times the consequense was overcomed by tourist coming for holiday,holidaymaker the tourist arrival crossed the one bill. travellers world widely in 1st time in history in 2012.International touristry recives (the touring kits within the balance of payments) rose to trillions and billions of dollars in the year of 011, such as a rise in real terms of three.8% from 2010. China in 2012 became the biggest spender in international touristry world widely with billions of dollars spending ,European country and us. China and rising markets have considerably increased  their disbursement some years ago , the travelling just began at the countries like brazil and russia are some note worthy examples.

In the year 1936 A.D the united league of nations defined foreign tourists as "someone travelling from one place to another for many purposes like refreshments ,business purposes , to spend their holidays and for many other purposes for atleast more than 24 hours". Travelling is temporary or short term movement of a mass of people away from their residential area to destination that they refer to visit normally leaving their work and their daily activities. Travel and tourism plays an vital role on developing a country directly and indirectly, it creates many employement opportunities to unemployed and poor peoples. In a country full of natural beauties and resources the chances of tourist arrival is high. As, tourists start flowing in a particular country the unemployed peoples gets opportuinty to work for a certain period of time by carrying the loads of tourists, guiding them by showing them places where the foreigners wants to visit.

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