TYPES OF TOURISTS ON THE BASIS OF AGE GROUP, PURPOSE OF VISIT, DESTTINATION E.T.C

Types Of Tourists

There aren't any hard and fast rules for the classification of tourists. Tourist typologies are divided under different headings by different experts, researchers and the various scholars have tried to find out different categories of tourists covering most of the typologies based upon the tour type, age group, economy, purpose of visit, places of visit, or destination & duration of stay etc.

1. On the Basis of Tour Type, Tourist Category can be Categorized into 2 groups:

• FIT - Free Individual Tourist/Tour..
• GIT - Group Inclusive Tourist/Tour

      2. On the Basis of Age Group, Tourist Category can be Categorized into Following Groups:

• Student -  Travel for Education tour
• Youth - They are usually budget tourist with the interest if advance
• Old - The basic motivations for such tourist is city and luxury tours

      3. According to size of group:

• Individual tourist
• Group tourist
• Family group tourist

      4.  On the basis of Economy:

• Budget - Low expending tourist
• Standard - Medium class tourist
• Deluxe - High spending tourist

      5. On the Basis of Destination:

•  Domestic/Internal Tourist - Tourist traveling within the country i.e in bound tourist
• International/External Tourist - Tourist traveling out the country i.e The out bound tourist

       6.According to the Purpose of visit:

• Excursionist - An excursionist is the one day visitor to a place who does an act of excursion within the time less than 24 hours in the place of visit. The excursion is a short tour to a place of interest which involves stay less than 24 hours.
• Tourist - Tourist is a person who does the act of tour staying at least 24 hour but not exceeding one consecutive year in the place visited 

       7. According to the Definition Given by World Tourism Organization:

• Leisure Tourist - Traveling for pleasure on leisure
• Recreational Tourist - Travel for recreation, relaxation and entertainment
• Holiday Tourist - Travel for enjoying holidays
• Study Tourist -  Travel for educational research, tour and study etc.
• Special Mission Tourist - Travel for special mission like shopping, meetings, seminars etc
• Religious Tourist - Travel for pilgrimage purpose
• VFR ( Visiting Friends & Relatives) Tourist

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TOURISTS AND THE VISITORS

Introduction

Tourist is the one who spends at least one night away from home(normal place of living), no matter what the purpose of visit is, and should be away from the exercise of any activity of earning income or generating remuneration.

The origin of the world "Tourist" dated back to the year 1292 (Bhatia 1982). The word tourist is  derived from the latin word "Tornus", which means a tools for describing a circle or turners wheel. According to the Oxford Dictionary, the word tourist was used as early as 1800 A.D. It defines tourists as "The person traveling or visiting a place for recreation" and the word tour is defined as "The journey through a place visiting things of interest".

The International Union of Official Travel Organization (IUOTO) in 1963 AD has purposed the most widely accepted and the technical definition of a tourist and was approved by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) in 1968 AD (Leiper, 1972). It states that - Tourists are those temporary travelers traveling 24 hours away from the home in the place traveled and for what they had traveled can be divided into of the following headings:

1. Leisure, Recreation, Holiday, Health, Study, Religion, Sports and Events etc.
2. Business, Family visit, Special mission, Meetings etc.

Among the various definitions, the most useful and the comprehensive definitions are given by Cohen and Smith. Cohen describes that, "Tourists are those temporary and voluntary travelers, traveling in the expectation of pleasure from the novelty and change experienced on a relatively long and non-recurrent round trip". On the other hand, Smith states that, "Tourists are the temporarily licensed person who voluntarily visits a place away for the purpose of experiencing the change".

According to the Australian economist Herman Van Scheullard, "Tourist can be defined as a person whose movement of operation is mainly economic in nature. Their activity is directly related to the entry, stay and the movement inside or outside the certain country, city or region."

All in all, the above mentioned definitions provide clear justifications regarding the following specific characteristics of tourists:

• Tourist is a person traveling and staying in various destinations which involves- entry, stay and the movement from one place to another or corresponding places.
• Travel to the destination from the origin including the stay and the activities at the destination
• The movement to the destination is of a short term or temporary character, i.e at least 24 hours but not exceeding one consecutive years or period of 12 months
• The purpose of visit is usually other than taking of permanent residence or employment
• The activities involve the economic in nature i.e the expenditure exists but neglects the exercise of earning or income generation

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IMPACTS OF TOURISM

The impacts basically involve the two aspects - the positive impacts or benefits and the negative impacts or costs. Impacts of tourism can be summed up in the following points:

• Economical Impacts
• Social Impacts
• Environmental Impacts 

Economical Impacts 

   Benefits

•  Regional Development
• Employment Generation in the tourism and resource management sector
• Income Generation
• Sources of Foreign Currency
• Tourism helps to diversify the local community
• Creates seasonal Employment
• Increased tax revenue from tourism
• Development of Secondary Industries

COSTS

•   Higher demand created by tourism may increase the price of land, housing, and commodities for daily life
• Demand on health service provision and police service can increase during the tourist  seasons at expense of the local tax base
• In equitable distribution of economic benefits among the local commodities
• Local inflation in price of local commodities.

Social Impacts

Benefits

• Cultural understanding
• Improving international understanding & botherhood
• Preservation of culture of the local community
• Tourism can enhance local cultural awareness
• Generate revenue for the preservation of archaeological & historical sites
• Quality life of locals through economic diversificationn

COSTS

•  Tourism can bring overcrowding & traffic congestion.
• Lack of proper planning and management of garbage, vandalism, prostitution, social crime etc.
• Community structure might be changed
• Illustrate effect - cultural illustration left by tourist imitated
• Cultural changes
• Can bring the changes in the local architecture of the village
• Xenophobia - Fear of stranger(like new disease in production)
• Authenticity of the social  and cultural environment can be changed to meet tourists demand
• New diseases might be introduced in the host community
• Rapid tourism growth may result in growing instability of local amenities & institutions to meet the tourism demand

Environmental Impact

Benefits

• Environment awarness
• Conservation & preservation of wild life and its habitat through the creation of national parks and wildlife reserves
• Enhances the nature based tourism through the conservation of flora and fauna
• Improved sanitation condition of the host village can be achivied
• Bio-diversity of the wild life and the vegetation will be preserved and maintained
• Proper waste management system can be enhanced
• Tourism can generate revenue for protected area management

Costs

• Environmental pollution
• Deforestation - soil erosion, landslide etc.
• Change in the behavior of wild life due to the impact of degradation on environment and their natural habitat 
• Problem in the waste disposal management system
• Pollution of water resources
• Negative changes int he physical integrity of the ares
• Degradation of parks as well as other natural attraction
• Littering in and around the trials

 

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IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM

INTRODUCTION

It is obvious that the tourism industry is considered as the world's fastest growing industry. Moreover, tourism is an activity which exists from the economic activities of a tourist related with the entry, stay and the movement within or outside the certain country, region and city. The tourism industry has significant contribution for the overall development of the nation as it is the major source of foreign currency.
                                  The income from tourism has a higher rate of increment which merchandise. The main economic significance of tourism is that the earning generated at the origin is spent at the places of visit or destination. Hence, tourism in every aspect has a wide dimensions and the in the importance are listed as below:

1) Regional Development
    Tourism is one of the major source of income for many individuals and the nations too. It however leads to the regional development. There will be a flow of economy or money from one region to another due to the tourist activities. The expenditure made by tourists in various activities has a great significance in those marginal areas which are relatively isolated, economically depressed, and having an excess problem of an UN-employment. The income from the tourism will be the source of prosperity to the local community. Basic infrastructures like- Road linkage, Drinking water, Electricity etc. and superstructures like Hotels, resorts, restaurants etc. along with the gradual establishment of other superstructures will however lead the regional development.

2) Employment Opportunity
    Tourism product is a non-material product and considered as an invisible trade. This industry is highly a labor intensive which involves a sale of service. It however creates an employment  to huge number of people ranging from UN-skilled to highly skilled. On the other hand, it also creates seasonal employments which lead to the source of income to most of the people. The infrastructures and superstructures developed such as roads construction, hotels and other accommodation units, and other industries however create a direct or indirect employment to large number of population.

3) Income Generation
    The employment in the tourism has a multiplier effect on income. Tourism will create an employment opportunity and the people employed will however generate sources of income in return. The seasonal employments lead to the generation of  seasonal income.E.g. people involved in trekking, expedition, tour and travel etc. will generate a considerable amount of money as seasonal income during the tourist season i.e. August to November.

4) Cultural Understanding
    Tourism is only the key factor for maintaining the cultural understanding between the hosts and the guests. The guests normally dominate the hosts who easily influences from the guests. This may cause a serious problem also. In fact the host culture, traditions, customs, norms and values should be exchanged in such way that will develop a cultural understanding and there will be less chances of xenophobia and domination effect. The tourists will be able to understand the host culture and the host will also have an honor to develop an endless international brotherhood.

5) Educational Significance
    Tourism helps to explore the similarities of human feelings and knowledge without discriminating the country and culture. It has a direct access to exchange a direct knowledge and emotions, ideas and views of other however has an educational significance.

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EVOLUTION AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM (3rd Epoch)

3. Third Epoch (Period After Second World War)
    After second world war, the standard of living of the working and middle people class has been raised. Tourism became a need in the countries where tourism had been practically unknown. Enormous expansion of tourism has been seen primarily in the advance & industrial countries, where travel becames a part of the life style. Third pahse of tourism and development however summarized the following points:

a) Introduction of Motor Car/ Bus/ Coach: The provision of luxury motor cars, buses, coaches has a significant on accessing the tourism activities through transportation. The boom in tourist movements in twenty century & twenty first century linked to the introduced of luxury coaches & private motor cars.

b) Introduction of Paid holiday & Mass tourism: The concept of mass tourism emerged along with the introduction of paid holidays. During the last quarter of 19th century, cheap holidays with pay for working class people had been developed, through the paid holiday was very largely of English origin, developed the inter-wars. The concept really got underway, when ILO adopted it at their first convention.

c) Air Transportation:  Introduction of civil aviation has brought a revolutionary changes in the history of travel after 1950's, when aircrafts were introduced for the commercial purpose carrying a mass of people at a time,  with tremendous increase in speed, safety & comfort. It also gave access to the package holiday, which subsequently became a model for most of the present tourism.


d) Introduction of Jet/ Jumbo Jets: The most dramatic change in mass tourism/ travel to its present level was the introduction of jet in the year 1958. This mode of travel introduced an entirely new medium of speed, comfort & efficiency & maximum carrying capacity.

e) Introduction of Inclusive Tour: It is an another interesting idea developed during this period. In this type of tour, all relevant costs are added up and sold in a package. The system of package tour is also responsible for mass tourism.

f) Introduction of IT: The latest achivement int the field of tourism in 21st century is the application of information technology for various promotion of any place of product via internet. One can easily operate a tour or any reservation can be made from one point to the next point of the world through Internet or Central Reservation System (CRS). Any information can be collected within a single hour. This indicates that the globalization is accessing speed of travel and tourism with the place of technology.

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